INFERENCE:
A daily reading plan is a prioritized list of reading tasks for all the classes.Knowing your specific reading rates will help to organize both general and daily reading plans.However,there are several steps to organize your schedule in an effective manner.You need to understand and remember the information from each class.keep your watch in front of you while studying and examine the length of average time for each different subject.keep track of your reading rates,so that you can make a realistic daily reading plan and progress in your reading cabability
Tuesday, May 13, 2008
CRCB: chapter3
chap-3 Remembering what you read
Memory is the process of storing and retrieving information and as in any process,successive steps or stages are essential for it to work.There are three stages in the memory process are sensory memory,short-term memory and long term memory.sensory memory-is the first stage in the memory process.New information enters your brain via your senses of taste,smell,sight,touch and hearing but your sensory memory retains this information only for a fraction of a second.
Short term memory-is the second stage in the memory process,like sensory memory it is temporary and limited in its' capacity.Information stays for about 20 to 30 seconds,but it can be stored in your short term memory for several minutes.
Long term memory-is the third and final stage in the memory process.Information cannot be permanently stored there until it has passed through both the sensory and short term memory stages.The most efficient way of storing information is to use such as organizing newly learned information,mastering difficult vocabulary ,connecting new information with information you already know,going beyond the textbook,reviewing and teaching the new information to someone else.Mnemonic are recall techniques that can help you retrieve information once it has been learned and stored properly
Memory is the process of storing and retrieving information and as in any process,successive steps or stages are essential for it to work.There are three stages in the memory process are sensory memory,short-term memory and long term memory.sensory memory-is the first stage in the memory process.New information enters your brain via your senses of taste,smell,sight,touch and hearing but your sensory memory retains this information only for a fraction of a second.
Short term memory-is the second stage in the memory process,like sensory memory it is temporary and limited in its' capacity.Information stays for about 20 to 30 seconds,but it can be stored in your short term memory for several minutes.
Long term memory-is the third and final stage in the memory process.Information cannot be permanently stored there until it has passed through both the sensory and short term memory stages.The most efficient way of storing information is to use such as organizing newly learned information,mastering difficult vocabulary ,connecting new information with information you already know,going beyond the textbook,reviewing and teaching the new information to someone else.Mnemonic are recall techniques that can help you retrieve information once it has been learned and stored properly
CRCB:CHAPTER14
Evaluating Internet Resources
Accessing information from the Web is a skill you need to learn not only for college, but also for the world of work. As a reader and thinker, become an ‘open minded skeptic’ by considering each web site’s Relevancy, Reliability, Credibility and Accuracy using the following seven steps: 1. Know your purpose. 2. Double-check facts and sources. 3. Consider the source. 4. Evaluate content. 5. Determine intended audience. 6. Evaluate the writing. 7. Use what you already know
Accessing information from the Web is a skill you need to learn not only for college, but also for the world of work. As a reader and thinker, become an ‘open minded skeptic’ by considering each web site’s Relevancy, Reliability, Credibility and Accuracy using the following seven steps: 1. Know your purpose. 2. Double-check facts and sources. 3. Consider the source. 4. Evaluate content. 5. Determine intended audience. 6. Evaluate the writing. 7. Use what you already know
CRCB:chapter13
Reading beyond the Words
Critical reading means to asking and answering questions about your reading material at all level thinking. Bloom’s taxonomy lists six levels of critical thinking –knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation- that you can use to deepen your understanding of textbook material. By creating and answering questions at each of these levels, you will be better able to predict the kind of questions your instructor will ask on an exam and better prepared to answer them.
Critical reading means to asking and answering questions about your reading material at all level thinking. Bloom’s taxonomy lists six levels of critical thinking –knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation- that you can use to deepen your understanding of textbook material. By creating and answering questions at each of these levels, you will be better able to predict the kind of questions your instructor will ask on an exam and better prepared to answer them.
CRCB:chapter12
Identifying and Evaluating Arguments
Arguments are the logical structures that people use when they write and speak to present ideas and persuade others to support those ideas.An argument consists of two or more statements that include one conclusion and at least one reason that support it. When you find an argument, you should break it down into its constituent parts so that you can determine whether it is well founded and logical. Arguments can be evaluated using specific critical including determining dependability, distinguishing fact from opinion, and detecting fallacies.There are two primary types of arguments, deductive and inductive. Deductive arguments are judged as either being true or false. If the premise or premises of a deductive argument are true, then the conclusion is true. An inductive argument begins with a series of specific observations and concludes with a generalization that logically follows from it. As they are based on limited observations, even well-constructed inductive arguments cannot be considered absolutely true.
Arguments are the logical structures that people use when they write and speak to present ideas and persuade others to support those ideas.An argument consists of two or more statements that include one conclusion and at least one reason that support it. When you find an argument, you should break it down into its constituent parts so that you can determine whether it is well founded and logical. Arguments can be evaluated using specific critical including determining dependability, distinguishing fact from opinion, and detecting fallacies.There are two primary types of arguments, deductive and inductive. Deductive arguments are judged as either being true or false. If the premise or premises of a deductive argument are true, then the conclusion is true. An inductive argument begins with a series of specific observations and concludes with a generalization that logically follows from it. As they are based on limited observations, even well-constructed inductive arguments cannot be considered absolutely true.
CRCB:chapter11
Reading, Understanding, and Creating Visual Aids
Visual aids are a very important part of the textbook reading. They are tools designed to help you learn and remember new concepts and key information.Visual aids provide a quick, easily accessible format for information that shows you how ideas connect or relate to each other. Authors use visuals as learning aids, as a way to illustrate and explain their main idea. Types of visual aids include mind maps, outlines, charts, diagrams, graphs, illustrations, photographs, and time lines.An effective reading and study strategy is to make your own visual aids. Here fore you have to recognize the important elements in what you are reading and be able to prioritize and organize them in a logical and useful format.
Visual aids are a very important part of the textbook reading. They are tools designed to help you learn and remember new concepts and key information.Visual aids provide a quick, easily accessible format for information that shows you how ideas connect or relate to each other. Authors use visuals as learning aids, as a way to illustrate and explain their main idea. Types of visual aids include mind maps, outlines, charts, diagrams, graphs, illustrations, photographs, and time lines.An effective reading and study strategy is to make your own visual aids. Here fore you have to recognize the important elements in what you are reading and be able to prioritize and organize them in a logical and useful format.
CRCB:chapter10
Textbook Marking
Textbook marking is a systematic way of marking, highlighting, and labeling ideas to show how they are related to each other and which are most important. It also helps you to remember what you had read. At the end of the study-reading stage of textbook reading, you should look for and mark these items: main ideas, major supporting details, and new vocabulary. Beyond these three basic elements of textbook marking, you should use your experience in lecture and lab to decide if you need to mark more. Always mark information that is unclear; to remind yourself to find out what it means before you are tested on the material.
Textbook marking is a systematic way of marking, highlighting, and labeling ideas to show how they are related to each other and which are most important. It also helps you to remember what you had read. At the end of the study-reading stage of textbook reading, you should look for and mark these items: main ideas, major supporting details, and new vocabulary. Beyond these three basic elements of textbook marking, you should use your experience in lecture and lab to decide if you need to mark more. Always mark information that is unclear; to remind yourself to find out what it means before you are tested on the material.
CRCB:chapter9
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Summary on chapter 9 from CRCB Using Preview,Study-Read,and Review(PSR)Strategies.
The PSR technique requires that you question yourself before,during and after you read.It encourages you to participate in a reader-author conversation rather than to read passively.In this conversation,you access what the author says and decide if it makes sense to you.you also add what you know to the conversation by recalling related information.It helps to understand and remember the textmaterial.
The PSR technique also requires to respond to readings by writing in your journal.Commenting in writing hlps to digest and understand an author's ideas and articulate your own,By identifying exactly where you become confused in a reading ,you can return to that point and reread the relevant section of text.It hlps to understand the material on your own or alert you to the fact that you need to ask a classmate or instructor for help.
Summary on chapter 9 from CRCB Using Preview,Study-Read,and Review(PSR)Strategies.
The PSR technique requires that you question yourself before,during and after you read.It encourages you to participate in a reader-author conversation rather than to read passively.In this conversation,you access what the author says and decide if it makes sense to you.you also add what you know to the conversation by recalling related information.It helps to understand and remember the textmaterial.
The PSR technique also requires to respond to readings by writing in your journal.Commenting in writing hlps to digest and understand an author's ideas and articulate your own,By identifying exactly where you become confused in a reading ,you can return to that point and reread the relevant section of text.It hlps to understand the material on your own or alert you to the fact that you need to ask a classmate or instructor for help.
CRBC:chapter7
CHAPTER SUMMARY:
Evaluations make judgments about worth on the basis of standards that may be conscious or unconscious. It can help us react quickly to situationd in which our survival is at stake . They are are not facts.Premature evaluations are hasty evaluations that contain unexamined or faulty support.Feelings and expectations affect both our perceptions and our evaluations.All of us need to learn how to make fair and sound evaluations because they affect our livers constantly.Connotative words convey evaluations that can be used to sway our opinions.Evaluations are used in advertising and journalism to persuade us, sometimes hynotically ,to make positive associations with products and purchase them.Critical thinking requires that we stay alert to manipulative advertising techniques that are most effective when we can be enticed to enter into a trance state.Propaganda used manys sophisticated manipulative techniques of persuasion
Evaluations make judgments about worth on the basis of standards that may be conscious or unconscious. It can help us react quickly to situationd in which our survival is at stake . They are are not facts.Premature evaluations are hasty evaluations that contain unexamined or faulty support.Feelings and expectations affect both our perceptions and our evaluations.All of us need to learn how to make fair and sound evaluations because they affect our livers constantly.Connotative words convey evaluations that can be used to sway our opinions.Evaluations are used in advertising and journalism to persuade us, sometimes hynotically ,to make positive associations with products and purchase them.Critical thinking requires that we stay alert to manipulative advertising techniques that are most effective when we can be enticed to enter into a trance state.Propaganda used manys sophisticated manipulative techniques of persuasion
CRCB: chapter8
Authors use different methods of organization in order to present information in a logical format that suits the subject matter and goals of their books. For example: the listing method, lists a series of ideas or items, alphabetically, by category. Analysis method, defines a concept to clarity meaning- may use examples and analogies. Another method is the cause/effect, method author use to show why something happened and the effects that occurred as result. The comparison/contrast method, that focuses on similarities and differences. The definition/example method that breaks apart a concept-presents basic elements. The Sequence method, that shows steps or ideas the chronological order of events. Another useful way to identify an author’s method of organization is to look for the organizational word clues (OWCs) that indicate which patterns he or she is using.Knowing the different patterns, or methods, of organization helps you make sense of what you are reading and remember the content more accurately.
Monday, May 12, 2008
CRCB:chapter1
Summary Chapter 1- Critical Reading for College and BeyondChapter 1 it's about Reading in College.Reading is an active process that depends on both an author’s ability to convey meaning using words and ability to create meaning from them. You need to constantly connect what you already know about the information to the words the author has written.
Learning Journals is a technique that helps you to analyze reading strategies and assess your learning. Using a learning journal helps you remember 80-90% of what you read. It also helps you to
Concentration is a skill that can be learned with patience and perseverance. Like any reading strategy, concentration takes practice before it will kick in automatically every time you open a textbook.
Learning Styles, most of what we learn comes from what we hear (auditory learning) in lectures or on audiotapes; see visual learning) through reading or watching people, videotapes, or television; or touch and do (kinesthetic learning) by practicing techniques, drawing maps, creating outlines, or making models Concentration Blocks, to recognize what distracts you when you are reading is an important way to improve your concentration.
There are two kinds of distracters: Internal (comes from inside you) and external (comes from your environment).
Concentration Techniques, to improve your concentration there are five techniques:
1. Checkmark Monitor System; helps you monitor how many times you lose your concentration as you read.
2. Creating a Study Environment
3. Creating a Positive mental Attitude
4. Using your Journal as a Worry Pad or
5. Writing a Letter is especially helpful if you are distracted by internal or external distracters.
Exercise
1a) Concentration Survey
1. I know that concentration is a skill that can be learned. yes
2. I have a study area, complete with study supplies, and this area is used only for studying. yes
3. I try to concentrate as I read, but my mind usually drifts to other things, such as bills I have to pay or people I have to call. yes
4. If I get angry, I am unable to concentrate on my reading. yes
5. I know how to minimize all distractions.yes
6. I cannot read unless my house, or study environment, is immaculate. no
7. I have a system to let others know when I'm reading and that I do not want to be disturbed.no
8. I lose concentration easily when I'm bored with what I'm reading. yes
Learning Journals is a technique that helps you to analyze reading strategies and assess your learning. Using a learning journal helps you remember 80-90% of what you read. It also helps you to
Concentration is a skill that can be learned with patience and perseverance. Like any reading strategy, concentration takes practice before it will kick in automatically every time you open a textbook.
Learning Styles, most of what we learn comes from what we hear (auditory learning) in lectures or on audiotapes; see visual learning) through reading or watching people, videotapes, or television; or touch and do (kinesthetic learning) by practicing techniques, drawing maps, creating outlines, or making models Concentration Blocks, to recognize what distracts you when you are reading is an important way to improve your concentration.
There are two kinds of distracters: Internal (comes from inside you) and external (comes from your environment).
Concentration Techniques, to improve your concentration there are five techniques:
1. Checkmark Monitor System; helps you monitor how many times you lose your concentration as you read.
2. Creating a Study Environment
3. Creating a Positive mental Attitude
4. Using your Journal as a Worry Pad or
5. Writing a Letter is especially helpful if you are distracted by internal or external distracters.
Exercise
1a) Concentration Survey
1. I know that concentration is a skill that can be learned. yes
2. I have a study area, complete with study supplies, and this area is used only for studying. yes
3. I try to concentrate as I read, but my mind usually drifts to other things, such as bills I have to pay or people I have to call. yes
4. If I get angry, I am unable to concentrate on my reading. yes
5. I know how to minimize all distractions.yes
6. I cannot read unless my house, or study environment, is immaculate. no
7. I have a system to let others know when I'm reading and that I do not want to be disturbed.no
8. I lose concentration easily when I'm bored with what I'm reading. yes
CRCB:chapter 2
Chapter 2 is about Developing Your College Vocabulary by learning new vocabulary you are building important reading strategies. Also by increasing your vocabulary, you increase your understanding of textbook information. In addition you will increase your ability to speak and write well- to communicate effectively.Developing Your Vocabulary; reading and listening comprehension will improve more words. You can use these important strategies to help you figure out the meaning of unfamiliar words: context clues and word part analysis, writing in your textbook, creating word maps, understanding denotation and connotation, journal writing, and the card review system (CRS). One of the best way of making word a part of your vocabulary is the use of it in your daily life.
Exercise 2a)
1. The child was able to assuage his irate father with a smile and a small kiss on this cheek. A grin slowly replaced the father's angry frown. Ans b. Soothe
2. She was so overcome with joy by the birth of her baby that she was able to say nothing other than that the whole experience was simply ineffable.
Ans: c. Incapable of being expressed in words
3. Most of us eventually reach our goals, but life's path to success is often a circuitous one. Ans: a. Straight and certain
4. The preacher took a pedagogic approach with his sermon, hoping that those attending would learn something meaningful from it. Ans: a. Instructional
5. Although teaching is not a lucrative profession, I know that I wouldn't want to do anything else. Helping others learn is far more important to me than money. Answer: c. well paying
6. Buying a lottery ticket is a very capricious way to plan for your future. The chances of winning are 1 in 10,000,000. Answer: d. Unpredictable
Exercise 2b
Alcoholism exacts a horrible toll on the drinker and on the drinker family, but the damage doesn't stop there. Drunk driving, workplace losses, and overburdened health care systems are only some of the larger-scale loss issues related to alcohol abuse. The search of effective methods of interventions has never been more intense.Ans: b. Forces.
2. The natural circadian rhythm of most animals, including humans, is 25 to 26 hours, but our internal clocks easily adapt to the 24-hours rhythms (light, sounds, warmth) of the turning earth. When we are isolated from environmental cues, our sleep/wake cycles continue to be rather constant but slightly longer than 24 hours. Ans: b. Seasonal cycles.
3. When the Commissioner of Indian Affairs took office in 1933, he vowed to defend Indian rights. The conciliatory attitudes of the Commissioner and the Indian Office, regarding Indian rights, conformed to legal precedents established by state and federal courts. Ans b. Agreeable, accommodating
4. Our own daily rhythms can become desynchronized when we take a cross-country or transoceanic flight. If you fly from Los Angeles to New York and then go to bed at 11 P.M. Eastern Standard Time, you may have trouble falling asleep because your body is still on West Coast time. Ans: broken or full apart
5. If my argument so far has been sound, neither our distance from a preventable evil nor the number of other people who, in respect to that evil, are in the same situation as we are, lessens our obligation to mitigate or prevent that evil. I shall therefore take as established the principle I asserted earlier. As I have already said, I need to assert it only in its qualified form: if it is in our power to prevent something very bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything else morally significant, we ought, morally, to do it. Ans: seize; stop
Exercise 2a)
1. The child was able to assuage his irate father with a smile and a small kiss on this cheek. A grin slowly replaced the father's angry frown. Ans b. Soothe
2. She was so overcome with joy by the birth of her baby that she was able to say nothing other than that the whole experience was simply ineffable.
Ans: c. Incapable of being expressed in words
3. Most of us eventually reach our goals, but life's path to success is often a circuitous one. Ans: a. Straight and certain
4. The preacher took a pedagogic approach with his sermon, hoping that those attending would learn something meaningful from it. Ans: a. Instructional
5. Although teaching is not a lucrative profession, I know that I wouldn't want to do anything else. Helping others learn is far more important to me than money. Answer: c. well paying
6. Buying a lottery ticket is a very capricious way to plan for your future. The chances of winning are 1 in 10,000,000. Answer: d. Unpredictable
Exercise 2b
Alcoholism exacts a horrible toll on the drinker and on the drinker family, but the damage doesn't stop there. Drunk driving, workplace losses, and overburdened health care systems are only some of the larger-scale loss issues related to alcohol abuse. The search of effective methods of interventions has never been more intense.Ans: b. Forces.
2. The natural circadian rhythm of most animals, including humans, is 25 to 26 hours, but our internal clocks easily adapt to the 24-hours rhythms (light, sounds, warmth) of the turning earth. When we are isolated from environmental cues, our sleep/wake cycles continue to be rather constant but slightly longer than 24 hours. Ans: b. Seasonal cycles.
3. When the Commissioner of Indian Affairs took office in 1933, he vowed to defend Indian rights. The conciliatory attitudes of the Commissioner and the Indian Office, regarding Indian rights, conformed to legal precedents established by state and federal courts. Ans b. Agreeable, accommodating
4. Our own daily rhythms can become desynchronized when we take a cross-country or transoceanic flight. If you fly from Los Angeles to New York and then go to bed at 11 P.M. Eastern Standard Time, you may have trouble falling asleep because your body is still on West Coast time. Ans: broken or full apart
5. If my argument so far has been sound, neither our distance from a preventable evil nor the number of other people who, in respect to that evil, are in the same situation as we are, lessens our obligation to mitigate or prevent that evil. I shall therefore take as established the principle I asserted earlier. As I have already said, I need to assert it only in its qualified form: if it is in our power to prevent something very bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything else morally significant, we ought, morally, to do it. Ans: seize; stop
CRCB:chapter6
SummaryDetails are specific pieces of information that serve as the "arms and legs"of the main idea.They are usually presented as facts,opinions,examples,illustrations,explanations or definitions and are frequently discovered by asking questions.In order to understand a paragraph ,you need to be able to pinpoint the topic and locate the main idea.It is the "key concept" being expressed.It supports the main idea by telling how,what,when,where,why,how much,or how many.Location the topic,main idea and supporting details helps you understand the points ,the writer is attempting to express.Identifying the relationship between these will increase your comprehension
TFY : Chapter12
CHAPTER SUMMARY
HOW DO I REASON FROM PREMISES?
Deductive reasoning is the process of starting with one or more statements called premises and investigating what conclusions necessarily follow from these premises.Deduction is the subject of formal logic, whose main concern is with creating forms that demonstrate reasoning.Logic has its own technical vocabulary.
HOW DO I REASON FROM PREMISES?
Deductive reasoning is the process of starting with one or more statements called premises and investigating what conclusions necessarily follow from these premises.Deduction is the subject of formal logic, whose main concern is with creating forms that demonstrate reasoning.Logic has its own technical vocabulary.
TFY : Chapter11
CHAPTER SUMMARY :INDUCTIVE REASONING AND INDUCTIVE FALLACIES
Inductive reasoning is used as a method for obtaining information when it would be impossible to examine all the data available. This is done by taking statistical samplings or by making extrapolations.The five basic rules for evaluating the reliability of hypotheses based on statistical samplings are as follows:, the greater is its probability of being
a. The greater the size of the sample, the greater is its probability of being representative of the whole of a class.
b. A sampling must be representative in order to reliable result.
c. One counter example can refute a generalization arrived at through inductive reasoning.
d. Statistical evidence should be offered in sufficient detail for verification.e. When evaluating the result of polls, it is important to examine both the polling agency and the polling question for bias.
Inductive reasoning is used as a method for obtaining information when it would be impossible to examine all the data available. This is done by taking statistical samplings or by making extrapolations.The five basic rules for evaluating the reliability of hypotheses based on statistical samplings are as follows:, the greater is its probability of being
a. The greater the size of the sample, the greater is its probability of being representative of the whole of a class.
b. A sampling must be representative in order to reliable result.
c. One counter example can refute a generalization arrived at through inductive reasoning.
d. Statistical evidence should be offered in sufficient detail for verification.e. When evaluating the result of polls, it is important to examine both the polling agency and the polling question for bias.
TFY : Chapter10
Chapter summary:
Word ambiguity uses undefined and vague words in a argument, seeking to gain an advantage by using words that could be interpreted in more than one way.Misleading euphemisms are word that hide meaning by wrapping a less acceptable idea in positive or neutral connotations. The use of euphemisms is fallacious in an argument when the goal is to be evasive, to mislead, or to disarm awareness and objections.Circular reasoning is the assertion or repeated assertion of a conclusion as though the conclusion were a reason. It can also pretend that no supporting reasons are needed. Circular reasoning assumes what it is supposed to prove.
Word ambiguity uses undefined and vague words in a argument, seeking to gain an advantage by using words that could be interpreted in more than one way.Misleading euphemisms are word that hide meaning by wrapping a less acceptable idea in positive or neutral connotations. The use of euphemisms is fallacious in an argument when the goal is to be evasive, to mislead, or to disarm awareness and objections.Circular reasoning is the assertion or repeated assertion of a conclusion as though the conclusion were a reason. It can also pretend that no supporting reasons are needed. Circular reasoning assumes what it is supposed to prove.
TFY : Chapter9
Summary on chapter-9 Argument (What's a Good Argument?)The critical reading of arguments is an active endeavor that requires involvement,interaction with questions and evaluation.The questions asked in the critical reading of arguments are
a)What viewpoint is the source of this argument?
b)What is the issue of controversy?
c)How is the argument structured in terms of reasons and conclusions?
d)What are the argument's strengths and weakness?
The analysis of arguments in terms of their reasons and conclusions applies to both inductive and deductive arguments.Reasons include data,evidence and premises,while conclusions include those deductively drawn as well as hypothesis.Arguments state and defend a claim in an attempt to persuade.It disguised as reports slant the facts and language toward a bias.
a)What viewpoint is the source of this argument?
b)What is the issue of controversy?
c)How is the argument structured in terms of reasons and conclusions?
d)What are the argument's strengths and weakness?
The analysis of arguments in terms of their reasons and conclusions applies to both inductive and deductive arguments.Reasons include data,evidence and premises,while conclusions include those deductively drawn as well as hypothesis.Arguments state and defend a claim in an attempt to persuade.It disguised as reports slant the facts and language toward a bias.
TFY : Chapter8
Summary on Viewpoint
Critical thinking means learning to recognize viewpoints and how they shape the content of any message.viewpoints-like assumptions,opinions and evaluations can be either conscious or unconscious.Unconscious viewpoints include the egocentric,ethnocentric and religiocentric.Writers shape their stories through their choice of a point of view,their choices include third-person,first-person and multiple points of view.We communicate best when we are aware of our own viewpoint and can understand and respect the viewpoints of others as well.Periodicals can express viewpoints through images,words and in the framing given to information.Framing decisions made by an editor can exercise a hidden influence over the reader.
Critical thinking means learning to recognize viewpoints and how they shape the content of any message.viewpoints-like assumptions,opinions and evaluations can be either conscious or unconscious.Unconscious viewpoints include the egocentric,ethnocentric and religiocentric.Writers shape their stories through their choice of a point of view,their choices include third-person,first-person and multiple points of view.We communicate best when we are aware of our own viewpoint and can understand and respect the viewpoints of others as well.Periodicals can express viewpoints through images,words and in the framing given to information.Framing decisions made by an editor can exercise a hidden influence over the reader.
TFY: Chapter6
Opinion can be substantiated or not. They can be based either on reason or solely on whim, feeling, emotions, or prejudice. It should be not confuse with facts. Critical thinking requires that we recognize the difference between responsible and irresponsible opinion.
Quiz p.190-
Opinions: What's Believed?
1. Expert opinion calculates the risk involved in spacing the gap between the known and the unknown for a particular situation. True
2. Giving advice is not a way of offering an opinion. False
3. The result of public opinion polls are equivalent to votes in elections. False
4. Opinions in the forms of judgments state what is right and wrong, bed and good. True
5. Some opinion are based on generalizations, such as stereotype, as in the statement " All Chinese look alike." True
6. Responsible opinions are based on a careful examination of the evidence. False
7. Opinion are the same as facts. False
8. Gossip is opinion sharing without any requirement for substantiation. True
9. Everyone is entitled to his or her own opinion because all opinion carry equal value. False
10. Prevailing sentiment refers to popular opinion that changes with the times.True
Quiz p.190-
Opinions: What's Believed?
1. Expert opinion calculates the risk involved in spacing the gap between the known and the unknown for a particular situation. True
2. Giving advice is not a way of offering an opinion. False
3. The result of public opinion polls are equivalent to votes in elections. False
4. Opinions in the forms of judgments state what is right and wrong, bed and good. True
5. Some opinion are based on generalizations, such as stereotype, as in the statement " All Chinese look alike." True
6. Responsible opinions are based on a careful examination of the evidence. False
7. Opinion are the same as facts. False
8. Gossip is opinion sharing without any requirement for substantiation. True
9. Everyone is entitled to his or her own opinion because all opinion carry equal value. False
10. Prevailing sentiment refers to popular opinion that changes with the times.True
TFY: Chapter 5
Assumption:
An assumption is something we take for granted, something we accept prematurely as being true, something we don’t check out carefully.It can be conscious or unconscious, warranted or unwarranted. Unconscious and unwarranted assumptions can lead to faulty reasoning, whereas conscious and warranted assumptions can be useful tools for problem solving.Another form of hidden assumption, where we try to fit new experience into old or prejudiced categories is the stereotype assumption.
Discovery Exercise p.149- Assumptions: What's Taken for Granted?
Assumptions :
The statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn; "on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play"; a hypothesis that is taken for granted; "any society is built upon certain assumptions" the act of taking possession of or power over something; "his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba"; "the Nazi assumption of power in 1934"; "he acquired all the company's assets for ten million dollars and the assumption of the company's debts".
An assumption is something we take for granted, something we accept prematurely as being true, something we don’t check out carefully.It can be conscious or unconscious, warranted or unwarranted. Unconscious and unwarranted assumptions can lead to faulty reasoning, whereas conscious and warranted assumptions can be useful tools for problem solving.Another form of hidden assumption, where we try to fit new experience into old or prejudiced categories is the stereotype assumption.
Discovery Exercise p.149- Assumptions: What's Taken for Granted?
Assumptions :
The statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn; "on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play"; a hypothesis that is taken for granted; "any society is built upon certain assumptions" the act of taking possession of or power over something; "his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba"; "the Nazi assumption of power in 1934"; "he acquired all the company's assets for ten million dollars and the assumption of the company's debts".
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